The reason I asked about the tree is that whiteflies like them as a host - (the honeydew drop that others have mentioned). In my experience with aphids and whiteflies, I would think you would notice something- eggs, adults, or some type of damage - holes, curled or mottled leaves, etc. The damage usually happens over a longer period of time. Both of those pests can carry viruses, but viruses show symptoms - yellow vein, spots on leaves or fruit, etc. and again, not fast killing. (all things I'm sure you have found in your research)
There is a relatively new whitefly in CA that leaves no damage but lots of honeydew
LINK ...
might be your sticky leaves?? ...however I still don't see the link to the fast plant death.
If the plants showed severe wilt and then died very quickly it really sounds more like bacterial wilt. Several types of beetles, grasshoppers, and other insects that pierce any part of the plant may transfer the disease. Perhaps if your garden is a newly planted area you may not have an infestation great enough to do much damage or be very noticeable?
Bacterial wilt
Now, if you planted bacterial wilt resistant strains of cucs you may be able to throw all that out

... if not, it may be a place to start.